professor Introduction

Due to water scarcity in most of the world developing countries and the high water demand, some water network Authorities adopt the intermittent distribution system instead of continuous water pumping to all users, in such systems:

The city is divided into a number of zones and water is pumped to those zones according to a pre-defined operational schedule.
Water cut-off period may extend from few days to several weeks.
 
This situation necessitate the construction of underground tank in each building to store water during pumping period, to make use of it during the cut-off period, by pumping the water to an overhead (rooftop) tank which is connected to the building internal network.

Water Networks in Major Saudi cities are run on intermittent bases